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Реферат: Значение безналичного оборота.
Значение безналичного оборота.
Eo?niaay ?aaioa ii i?aaiaoo "Iniiau aeciana"
Oaia: "Eioi?iaoeiiiua oaoiieiaee a aeciana"
auiieiee: Eiia?aoeei N.A., a?. CY-101
1997a.
I. ВВОДНАЯ ЧАСТЬ
II. ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОГО БИЗНЕСА
III. СТРУКТУРА ИНФОРМАЦИОННОГО БИЗНЕСА
IV. ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ
Тенденции развития информационных технологий
Возрастание роли информационного продукта
Способность информационных технологий к взаимодействию
Ликвидация промежуточных звеньев
Глобализация
Конвергенция
Техническое обеспечение — фундамент информационных технологий
Internet — яркое проявление основных тенденций развития информационных технологий
Области бизнеса, наиболее эффективно использующие достижения информационных технологий
Опасности и сложности при использовании ИТ
V. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
VI. ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
Aaiaiay ?anou
Ii iiaio iiaie?, aecian—yoi aayoaeuiinou ?aeiaaea, iai?aaeaiiay ia iieo?aiea aioiaa n iiiiuu? eniieuciaaiey naieo ciaiee, iiuoa, naiaai eaieoaea. Aecian—?aaeecaoey iioaioee ?aeiaaea ia yeiiiie?aneie noaca. A 99% neo?aaa iieo?aiea i?eauee aey aecianiaia—iaei ec aeaaiuo e?eoa?eaa ioaiee naiae aayoaeuiinoe. Yoi ia icia?aao, ?oi aecianiai aoaao aaenoaiaaou a oua?a ia?oi??ai, eeeaioai, iauanoao. Yoi icia?aao, ?oi iieo?aiea i?eauee ii?ao auou naycaii n ieacaieai oneoa, i?iecaianoaii i?iaoeoee, e i?eaueu iieacuaaao yooaeoeaiinou aayoaeuiinoe aecianiaia. E iauanoai, ainoaa?noai aie?iu eeou ia?aie?eaaou aecian io aaenoaee, niiniaiuo i?e?eieou a?aa iauanoao. A niiniaia ?aaeecaoee aicii?iinoae ?aeiaaea a aeciana nouanoaoao ??acau?aeii iiiai. Iia iii?aaeeinu ii?aaaeaiea aeciana a aia?eeaineii o?aaieea "Eiioaioey aeciana" ?icaiaeaooa, Aiiieiaoiia, Ieaena: "Aecian — yoi nenoaia aaaaiey aaea. Aecian — yoi nicaaiea i?iaoeoee, io?iie e?ayi. Aecian — yoi ?aaioa. Aecian — yoi oaio?aeuiay iaaeno?aeu a iaoae nioeaeuii-yeiiiie?aneie nenoaia. Aecian — yoi nenoaia, eioi?o? iu nicaaee aey oaiaeaoai?aiey iaoeo ?aeaiee. Aecian — yoi oi, eae iu ?eaai. ?oi oaeia aecian? Iii?iaoeoa naie aua?aou oi aaeinoaaiiia neiai, eioi?ia io?aceei au iii?anoai ?acee?iuo aeaia aayoaeuiinoe e iiiyoee e ieacaeinu au iaeaieaa oi?iui. Naie ?a iu ii?aaaeei aecian eae nenoaio i?iecaianoaa aey oaiaeaoai?aiey iio?aaiinoae e ?aeaiee iauanoaa." A i?ioanna yaie?oee iauanoaa nicaa?ony iiaua io?anee, iiaua noa?u aayoaeuiinoe. E yoe io?anee i?iecaianoaa niiniaiu ea?aeiaeuii eciaiyou naii iauanoai. Oae auei i?e aicieeiiaaiee i?iiuoeaiiinoe, oaia?u ?a eioi?iaoeiiiua oaoiieiaee aoi?aa?ony a iaoo iianaaiaaio? ?eciu, eciaiy?o ie?iaia niiauanoai, eciaiy?o ?aeiaaea e aai ie?o?aiea, aa?o iniiao aey iinooiaoaeuiiai ?acaeoey iauanoaa. Iiaay io?aneu i?eaiaeo e ei?aiiui eciaiaieyi a naiii aeciana, aaeay aai aieaa aeiaie?iui, niaa?oaiiui.
Enoi?ey ?acaeoey eioi?iaoeiiiiai aeciana
Eiiao XX — ia?aei XXI aaea aoaoo iciaiaiiaaiu iaec aa?iui ia?aoiaii io eiaono?eaeuiiai e eioi?iaoeiiiiio iauanoao, a eioi?ii eioi?iaoey noaiao aa?iaeoei oaeoi ?ii i?iecaianoaa, nicaa?uei iauanoaaiiia aiaaonoai.
Ii eioi?iaoeiiiia iauanoai eae iiaaeu ?aeiaa?aneiai ?acaeoey ia ii?ao iiyaeouny ia ionoii ianoa. Iaiaoiaeia i?aiu na?uaciay eioaeeaeooaeuii-oaoiieiae?aneay aaca. E oaeie iniiaie a caiaaiie yeiiiieea naaiaiy yaeyaony ei oi?iaoeiiiue aecian.
Eioi?iaoeiiiue aecian i?aanoaaeyao niaie n?aaieoaeu ii iiao? noa?o i?aai?eieiaoaeuneie aayoaeuiinoe a aeaa e?oiiaeoaai iiiaiio?aneaaiai eiiieaena ni naiae nei?ea oaeny eio?ano?oeoo?ie. Eioi?iaoeiiiue aecian, n iaiie noi?iiu, aoiaeo a eio?ano?oeoo?o anae nenoaiu i?aai?eie iaoaeuneie aayoaeuiinoe, ia?yao n aaieaie, ae??aie, aoae oi?neeie eiiiaieyie e o. a., a n a?oaie noi?iiu, yaeyaony naiinoiyoaeuiie noa?ie aeciana.
Eioi?iaoeiiiue aecian a caiaaiuo no?aiao ca?iaeeny a 60-o aiaao, oi?ie?iaaeny eae naiinoiyoaeuiay io?aneu a 70-a aiau, a a 80-a aiau i?aa?aoeeny a e?oiiaeoee iiiai io?aneaaie eiiieaen ni naiae eio?ano?oeoo?ie. Nia?aea eioi?iaoeiiiua oaoiieiaee eniieuciaaeenu a nayce ni nei?iinou? e ai?iaiaeciie oieuei a iao?iuo oaio?ao e e?oiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo eiiiaieyo. Ii ia?a niaa?oainoaiaaiey e oaaoaaeaiey eioi?iaoeiiiua oaoiieiaee i?iieeee a ?aciua io?anee e aaee aicii?iinou niaa?oainoaiaaiey e oeo?oaiey yooaeoeaiinoe iineaaieo. A ?acoeuoaoa ?acaeoey eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee iiyaeeenu e noi?ie?iaaeenu iiaua iio?aaiinoe iauanoaa. A?iiaaiua ianooaau yoiai iiaiai “iiino?a” nia?aiaiiie caiaaiie yei iiieee iiaoaa??aa?o neaao?uea oeo?u. Ie?iaia iio?aa eaiea eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee a 1990 a. ainoeaei 2 o?ei aiee. (oaaiaiea iai?ioia i?iecioei anaai ca 4 aiaa n 1986 a.). Eioi?iaoeiiiia i?iecaianoai a NOA e ?iiiee ii o?iai? caiyoinoe i?aacioei noa?o iaoa?eaeuiiai i?i ecaianoaa. I?e?ai a NOA a yoie noa?a e ia?aeo 80-o aiaia auei caiyoi o?a ieiei 60% anao ?aaioa?ueo. Naaiaiyoiea oaiaaioee ?acaeoey eioi?iaoeiiiiai aeciana oaeiau, ?oi ii noaaeeuii iia?a?aao o?aaeoeiiiua io?anee ii oaiiai ?inoa, caiyoinoe e a?oaei yeiiiie?aneei iieacaoaeyi.
No?oeoo?a eioi?iaoeiiiiai aeciana
Ia?aoiay e eio?ano?oeoo?a eioi?iaoeiiiie io?anee, iaiaoiaeii n?aco ioiaoeou, ?oi noa?a eioi?iaoeiiiiai aeciana i?aiu iaoe?ia e aee??aao ?acee?iua aeau aay oaeuiinoe, eioi?ua i?yii eee einaaiii naycaiu n eioi? iaoeae. I?e?ai iinoiyiii i?ienoiaeo eciaiaiea e oaaee?a iea iauaiia eio?ano?oeoo?u. Ia?aa n i?iecaianoaa i?i aoeoia e oneoa, i?yii naycaiiuo n au?eneeoaeuiie oaoieeie (naaiaiy yoi a iniiaiii ia?niiaeuiua eiiiu?oa?u), eioi? iaoeiiiue aecian caoaaouaaao ana iiaua e iiaua iaeanoe ?aeiaa?aneie aayoaeuiinoe, i?aeoe?anee ia naycaiiua n eii iu?oa?aie.
?anniao?eaay nia?aiaiio? eio?ano?oeoo?o aeciana, ia iaoiaeii eiaou a aeao, ?oi ?aciua niaoeaeenou a ?aciuo no?aiao iaiaiicia?ii o?aeoo?o e iienuaa?o aa. Aio anaai eeou ianeieuei oaeeo iiaoiaia. ?. I. Eaiuaei auaaeyao neaao?uea iniiaiua yeaiaiou: AO ?acee?iiai oeia; aai iaioneea ioieou, aa?uea aaiiaioai ainooi e eioi?iaoeii iui ?ano?nai; niaieoiiinou i?aaiecaoeiiiuo yeaiaioia, iaania?eaa?ueo oi?aaeaiea yeaeo?iiii-au?eneeoaeuiui e eioi?iaoeiiiui iioaioeaeii; no?oeoo?iua yeaiaiou io ?anee, oaiaeaoai?y?uea iio?aaiinoe AO a i?ia?aiiiii e eioi?iaoeiiiii iaania?aiee (oiiau aeai?eoiia e i?i a?aii, aaiee aaiiuo, ciaiee e o.a.), a oae?a ?acee?iua iaania?eaa?uea yeaiaiou. Yoi i?eia? aiaeeca eio?ano?oe oo?u, nei?eaoaeny o ian. A?oaie i?eia?—aiaeec ei o?ano?oeoo?u eioi?iaoeiiiiai aeciana, nei?eaoaeny a NOA, oioy oai oae?a eia?ony ?aciua iiaoiau. Iai?eia?, Y. Yooeiaa? ?ac?aaioae noaio ?acaeoey eioi?iaoeiiiiai aeciana, a iniiao eioi?ie iiei?aia eiiiu?oa?ecaoey ?ac ee?iuo noa? yeiiiieee. A oaio?a—eiiiu?oa?, a aie?oa ?aniieaaa?ony inoaeuiua yeaiaiou aeciana—io eaiaeia nayce e eiia?iiio i?iaoeoo.
Aua iaia noaia auea ?ac?aaioaia E. A?ai e yaeyaony iaiie ec iaeaieaa oaa?iuo e oaiaiuo aey ?anniio?aiey e iiieiaiey eioi?iaoeiiiie eio?ano?oeoo?u. Ea?aue ec ainuie naaiaioia noaiu aee??aao ?acee?iua aeau aayoaeu iinoe, ia ana ec eioi?uo i?yii e enee??eoaeuii naycaiu n eioi?iaoeae. Oai ia iaiaa ea?aue aea aayoaeuiinoe, iiea caiiue a naaiaioa, oae eee eia?a aa?ai aey eioi?iaoeii iiai aeciana. ?anniio?ei noaio aieaa aieiaoaeuii.
Niaa??aoaeuiay eioi?iaoey:
eeiioeeuiu;
aacaou, ?o?iaeu;
iee?ioeeuiu;
eioi?iaoeiiiua a?eeaoaie, ioaaeuiua ?aeecu, ni?aai?iua oeacaoaee;
eieae, aieeaau, ioaeeeaoee, caienee;
aeaaiaenee, ieaiee, eaca?iua aenee.
Aniiiiaaoaeuiua oneoae:
?eneiaue eaieoae, aaiee;
nenoaiu eneonnoaaiiiai eioaeeaeoa, i?iaeoe?iaaiea nenoai;
?acaaeaiea a?aiaie ?aaiou nenoai;
i?ia?aiie?iaaiea;
yeaeo?iiiay ia?aaa?a aieoiaioia, aaia aaiiuo;
enneaaiaaoaee ?uiea e oneiaee aeciana, ?aeeaiiua aaaionoaa;
ae??aaua iaeea?u, a??i oneoa.
Eioi?iaoeiiiay oaoiieiaey:
eiiiu?oa?u, oa?ieiaeu;
eiioi?neia iai?oaiaaiea;
iioe?aneay aiia?aoo?a;
iee?ioeeuiu, eaca?iua aenee;
ia?aoiia iai?oaiaaiea, aeaiee o?aoa;
?aciii?aiea aieoiaioaoee.
Eioaa?e?o?uay oaoiieiaey:
oa?ieiaeu;
ia?niiaeuiua eiiiooaoi?u;
?a?aaua nenoaiu, oaeneieea;
oeo?iaua aaiiua.
N?aanoaa nayce:
?aaei, oaeaaeaaiea, oaeaoii;
nenoaiu ia?aaa?;
aeaaiaenee, aieieiiiay iioeea;
n?aanoaa ii?oiaie nayce, eiiiooaoi?u.
Eaiaeu nayce:
ainoaaea ia?i?iui, ii?oa;
oaeaa?ao, oaeaoii;
ia?aoia?iaiua n?aanoaa nayce, niooieeiaay naycu, eiiia??aneea n?aanoaa nayce;
eaaaeuiia oaeaaeaaiea;
ia?aaae?iay e aei?iay aiia?aoo?a.
Eaiaeu oaea- e ?aaeiaauaiey:
?aaeinaou, ?aaeiiaeuiua naoe;
oaeanaou, oaeaoaen;
ei?ioeiaieiiaay naycu.
Niuneiaua oneoae:
neo?aa iiainoae;
enoiaiay eioi?iaoey aey yeaeo?iiiuo e iayeaeo?iiiuo aaieia aaiiuo;
eioi?iaoey i oiiaiaie ae??a, eioi?iaoeiiiua iae ea?u;
aeaeeioaee, aeaaioaee; noaoenoe?aneea eiaaenu; aeaaaeuou aaieia aaiiuo; ?a?aaua nenoaiu.
Eae aeaii ec i?eaaaaiiie noaiu, eio?ano?oeoo?a caanu ?anniio?aia i?aiu iia?iaii e aee??aao aieuoia eiee?anoai ?acee?iuo aeaia aayoaeuiinoe, oioy a ?aaeuiinoe naaiaiou iiaoo ia?anaeaouny a ioaaeuiuo iaeanoyo.
Eioi?iaoeiiiua oaoiieiaee
N?eoay eioi?iaoeiiiua oaoiieiaee "aaeaaoaeai" eioi?iaoeiiiiai aeciana, neiioaio?e?oai aieiaiea ia niaa??aiee e ?iee eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee a aeciana.
Eioi?iaoeiiiay oaoiieiaey aee??aao a naay “eicu?iua ea?ou” nia?aiaiiiai eioi? iaoeiiiiai aeciana: eiiiu?oa?u, oa?ieiaeu, eiiiu?oa?iia iai?oaiaaiea, iioe?aneo? aiia?aoo?o, iee?ioeeuiu, eaca? iua aenee, ia?aoiia iai?oaiaaiea e ena?ieiie?iaaiea. Yoi ana aaciaua yeaiaiou eio?ano?oeoo?u, ii?aaaey?uea iniiaiua no?aoaae?aneea oaee ?acaeoey aeciana, iiyoiio au ai? ia yaeyaony neo?aeiui.
Ii iiaie? aia?eeaineiai niaoeaeenoa a iaeanoe oi?aa eaiey A. Iiiiaey, iia eioi?iaoeiiiuie oaoiieiaeyie (EO) neaaoao iiieiaou eniieuciaaiea au?eneeoaeuiie oao ieee e nenoai nayce aey nicaaiey, nai?a, ia?aaa?e, o?aia iey, ia?aaioee eioi?iaoee aey anao noa? iauanoaaiiie ?ecie. EO ?anniao?eaa?o e eae ?anou (eee yeaiaio) eioi? iaoeiiiiai aeciana — aai iaeioi?o? oaoiieiae?aneo? iniiao, e eae ioaaeuiue naeoi? eio?ano?oeoo?u, ?anoi ?acaeaa? ueeny aaoiiiiii.
Oaiaaioee ?acaeoey eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee
I?eciaaay eae oaeo ii?aceoaeuiua oao iieiae?aneea ainoe?aiey ianooieaoae y?u eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee, aia?eeai neea niaoeaeenou ni?iaiice?iaaee aaeuiaeoee i?ia?ann a 90-a aiau a yoie iaeanoe, aae?ouae neeie eioi?iai yaey ?ony iyou iniiaiuo oae iacuaaaiuo “eioi?iaoeiiiuo oai aaioee”. Yoi:
1) aic?anoaiea ?iee eioi?iaoeiiiiai i?iaoeoa;
2) ?acaeoea niiniaiinoe e acaeiiaaenoae? (niaianoeii noe);
3) eeeaeaaoey i?iia?ooi?iuo caaiuaa (iaiin?aanoaai iinou) ;
4) aeiaaeecaoey;
5) eiiaa?aaioey.
Aaaei yoei oaiaaioeyi ii?aaaeaiea e e?aoei eo ioa?ae oa?ecoai.
Aic?anoaiea ?iee eioi?iaoeiiiiai i?iaoeoa
Eioi?iaoeiiiue i?iaoeo (EI) aunooiaao a aeaa i?i a?aiiiuo n?aanoa, aac aaiiuo e neo?a yenia?oiiai iaania ?aiey (ii?aaaeaiea aaii A. Iiiiaeai e A. Aieanoaeiii), EI a oi?ia ?acee?iiai ?iaa eioi?iaoee yaeyaony enoi? ieeii ?aeiaa?aneeo ciaiee. ?. O. Yia?nii ii?aaaeyao eioi?iaoe? eae “iaeiieaiiua iunee e iiuo aan?eneaiiuo oiia”. Neaaiaaoaeuii, aayoaeuiinou eioaeeaeooaeuiuo ?a aioieeia a aieuoae noaiaie caaeneo io niaa??aiey, oi?ii noe e naiaa?aiaiiinoe iieo?aaiie eioi?iaoee. EO i?ecaa ia aiianoe eioi?iaoe? ai ianoa nicaaiey e eniieuciaaiey ciaiee. Ion?aa aic?anoa?uaa cia?aiea EI, i?e?ai a ?aciuo ieineinoyo. Eioi?iaoeiiiay ?anou EI ?anoe?yao e?oaici? e?aae, iicaieyao aieaa yooaeoeaii eniieuciaaou ?ano?nu, a ?acaeaeaoaeuiay iaania?eaaao ainoa. Ea?anoai e ainooiiinou iaaeo ninoaaey?ueo ieacuaa?o nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia ?oanoai naiioaiaeaoai?aiey ioaaeuiiai ?aeiaaea.
A ie?a aeciana eioaeeaeooaeuiua ?aaioieee i?eieia?o ?aoaiey, ?ac?aaaouaa?o ecaaeey, i?iaa?o e iieoia?o oi aa?u i oneoae, i?aainoaaey?o ?aeiiaiaaoee, eioi?ua ii?a aaey?o oia aae oe?iu. Aaaaiea aaeiauo iia?aoee a cia ?eoaeuiie. noaiaie caaeneo io EI, iieo?aaiiai eioaeeae ooaeuiuie ?aaioieeaie. Aia?eeaineee iiuo iieacuaaao, ?oi aieuoeinoai oe?i ?anoiaoao neeoeii iiiai n?aanoa ia EI, a iieo?aao neeoeii iaeo? ioaa?o a niunea oai??aneie i?iecaiaeoaeuiinoe eioaeeaeooaeuiuo ?aaioieeia. A NOA 30 iei. iaiaa?a?ia e a?oaeo niaoeaeenoia, iacuaaaiuo ei oaeeaeooaeuiuie, iaoiayony naiei oe?iai a 1 o?ei aiee. a aia. A oi ?a a?aiy o?aoeony anaai 75 ie?a. aiee. (7% anao cao?ao) ia nenoaiu EO, eioi?ua iiaoo iiauneou yooaeoea iinou a?oaeo ?anoiaia. Aa?iinou yoeo ?anoiaia iiaoaa?? aa?o enneaaiaaiey oe?iu “Aoc, Aeeai yia Aaieeuoii Eie”, eioi?ua iieacuaa?o, ?oi 18—30% cao?ao eioaeeaeooaeuiiai o?oaa i?aeoe?anee oa?yaony a iniiaiii ia iienee eo?oaai eioi?iaoeiiiiai i?iaoeoa. A aaeao, eae e aacaa, eo?oay eioi?ie?iaaiiinou e iaeaieuoay ainoiaa?iinou i?aanoaa ey?o niaie aieuoo? neeo, ?oi iiaoaa?aeo e?aie oeiaineno. Iiyoiio i?inoi oaeaeoaeuiie yaeyaony oaoaeuiay iiei? iinou eiiiaiee e oe?i, eioi?ua aiionea?o iioa?? ieiei 200 ie?a. aiee., naycaiio? n iaoaaoeie iaiaoiaeiie eioi?iaoee.
Ia i?eia?a ?aeoa? ii?ii iieacaou eae o?ainoi?ie?oaony EI a i?ioanna niaa?oainoaiaaiey. Ia?aiia?aeuii nenoaia iicaieyea i?inoi i?iniao?eaaou oiiaiauo eioe?iaee a ?a?eia ?aaeuiiai a?aiaie. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy nenoaia "?aeoa? - 2000" iicaieyao iiieii i?iniio?a oaeoueo eioe?iaie ?acee?iuo oiiaiauo eino?oiaioia caee??aou naaeee, i?iniao?eaaou niiauaiey eioi?iaoeiiiiai aaaionoaa "?aeoa?", aeaaou a?aoe?aneia ioia?a?aiea eciaiaiey eioe?iaie. A o?a aiiine?iaaiiie nenoaia "?aeoa? - 3000" iiieii ianoiyueo naienoa iiyaeony n?aanoai aiaeeca e ia?auaiey e aeiaaeuiie aaca aaiiuo, iaeiieaiiie ca iiiaea aiaa ?aaiou nenoaiu. Yoi iicaieeo aieaa aeoaiei aiaeece?iaaou oaiaaioee a oi?aiaea e i?eieiaou aa?iua ?aoaiey.
Noauaa iiiaeo eioaeeaeooaeuiuo ?aaioieeia naaiaiy caaeneo io EO. A 1990 a. ieiei 40% eioaeeaeooaeuiuo ?a aioieeia a NOA eniieuciaaee ia naieo ?aai?eo ianoao iiiiuu eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee. Ii?aaaeaiu oanou naeoi?ia yeiiiieee, a eioi ?uo i?eiaiaiea EO iaeaieaa aa?iyoii iiauneo yooaeoea iinou oi?aiauo iia?aoee: i?iiuoeaiiua oiaa?u e iinoaaee, ?anoaniaaiiua iio?aaeoaeuneea e oa?iaoaaoe?aneea oiaa ?u, no?aoiaaiea eiiia??aneeo i?aai?eyoee e ioaaeuiuo eeo, eiiia??aneea aaiee e e?aaeou, iioiaay oi?aiaey e oneoae niaoeaeenoia, oiiaiaay oi?aiaey.
Aa?a i?aiu iiaa?oiinoiue acaeya ia aia?eeaineo? aae noaeoaeuiinou oaa?aaao, ?oi nicaaiea EI yaeyaony i?ioaa oa?uei aecianii. Oaeaaeceiiiua na?eaeu, i?ieao aeaaiean nao, ?aaeii?ia?aiiu, ieanoeiee, aeaaiea?u, oaeno e eee? no?aoee a eieaao, aacaoao e ?o?iaeao ninoaaeyee a NOA a eiioa 80-o aiaia ?anou EI iio?aaeoaeuneiai iacia?aiey.
A ?anoiinoe, ia i?eia?a aacaoiiai ?uiea NOA, eioi?ue ia?a?eaaao aa?iua eiioaiooaeuiua e no?oeoo?iua i?aia?aciaaiey, ii?ii iieacaou, eae i?ienoiayo i?eiauaiea yoie eiina?aaoeaiie io?anee e iiaui EO. Iiiaea i?aia?aciaaiey iiaeey?o e ia ?acaeoea ie?iaie ?o?iaeenoeee.
Eciaiaiea aia?eeaineiai iauanoaa: aic?anoaiea ?enea ?acaiaia e oiaiuoaiea ?acia?a naiue, ia?aa?ocea ia ?aaioa, ana aieuoee auai? oi?i i?ai?iai?aaiey naiaiaiiai a?aiaie, noieiinou, niia?a?aiey yeieiae?aneiai oa?aeoa?a, — ana yoi i?eaiaeo e ?acaeoe? aeuoa?iaoea ia?aoiuo ecaaiee. Ana aieuoaa ?enei ecaaoaeunoa n?eoaao, ?oi aoaouaa oieuei ca yeaeo?iiiuie aa?neyie eo aacao. Nae?an, ii ioaieai iacaaeneiuo yenia?oia, eiioa?i Microsoft eiaanoe?oao a ?ac?aaioeo iiauo iaaeaeuiuo i?iaeoia ai 20% naiaai iao?iiai a?a?aoa. Microsoft auioneaao yioeeeiiaaee e ni?aai?ieee ia CD-ROM, noaa aanie?oiui eeaa?ii ie?iaiai ?uiea yioeeeiiaaee, ia?aiaieaaao aaaoueo ?o?iaeenoia e?oiiuo aacao e oaeaeaiaeia, neoiaao e?oiiua oioia?oeau e ea?oeiiua aaea?ae e o.a.
Niaianoiia i?aai?eyoea Microsoft e oaeaeiiiaiee NBC MSNBC ia?aeeaeuii n ii?iaeuiui oaeaaeceiiiui ?a?eiii ?aaioaao e a naoe Internet. Anee iieuciaaoaey eioa?anoao aieaa iia?iaiay eioi?iaoey i niauoee, i eioi?ii ?anneacuaaao oaeaaeeoi?, ii ii?ao iieo?eou aa a yeaeo?iiiie aa?nee ia?aaa?e. 24 e?iy 1996a. Microsoft ioe?ue a Internet naie ia?aue ?o?iae Slate (http://www.slate.com), eioi?ue auno?i i?eaeae e naaa aieiaiea iauanoaaiiinoe. Aai aa?a ia?aia?aouaae ?o?iae Time (yoi, ii?aeoe, aunoee ciae ioee?ey a NOA). Aicii?ii, eiaiii oaeea media e aoaoo ii?aaaeyou aoaouaa ?o?iaeenoeee. Iiieii oaenoia e iaueiiaaiiuo eee?no?aoee, Slate iniauaaony iocueaeuiuie e ioeuoeiaaeaeuiuie iaoa?eaeaie. N ia?aea aiaa Microsoft iaia?ai caionoeou a Internet NOA iiaue e?oiiue i?iaeo Sityscape. I?aaiieaaaaony, ?oi yoi aoaao yeaeo?iiiue iooaaiaeoaeu ii ai?iaai NOA, eioi?ue ia ia?auo ii?ao, iiieii ieaia ai?iaa, aoaao niaa??aou eioi?iaoe? i ai?ianeeo ainoii?eia?aoaeuiinoyo, ?anoi?aiao e o.a. Caoai ?aaaeoi?u Sityscape iaia?aiu i?enooieou e ioaeeeaoee ianoiuo iiainoae, a oae?a ?aeeaiiuo iauyaeaiee. Oai naiui aoaao iiai?aaia iniiaiay aaca aacaoiuo ecaaiee, e a ?acoeuoaoa ?anoeie eiieo?aioee iiaoo inoaouny eeou iaiiiaea eca?aiiua ia?aoiua ecaaiey.
Nicaaiea EI aee??aao 3 iniiaiua noaaee: ?ac?aaioeo, neioac e ?ani?ino?aiaiea. ?a?ac yoe noaaee i?ioiayo 8 in iiaiuo oeiia EI: iiainoe, aieoiaioaeuiua i?ia?aiiu, ciaiey e iiaiey, aaiiua e oaeou, i?ioieieu, ea?u, ooai ?anoaaiiua e a?aiaoo?ae?aneea i?iecaaaaiey, iocuea e ?ii?.
Any aayoaeuiinou a iaeanoe EI oieeaeuia, ai-ia?auo, n oi?ee c?aiey ?enea, eai iaiaoiaeii oaiaeaoai?eou cai?i nu aaoo iniiaiuo eaoaai?ee eeeaioia: iio?aaeoaeae e ?ae eaiiaaoaeae. I?eaeeceoaeuii 50% aioiaia a iio?aaeoaeu neii naeoi?a EI iinooiaao io ?aeeaiu. Aoi?ie oa?aeoa? iie iniaaiiinou? eioi?iaoeiiiiai ianeo?eaaiey yaeyaony iaee?ea i?aa ia ii?aaaeaiiua noa?u aaenoaey. Iai?eia?, ia?aie?aiiinou niaeo?a eniieucoaiuo ?anoio iiaeaeea ca niaie iaiaoiaeiinou iieo?aiey ianoiuie ia?aaa?ueie ?aaei- e oaeaaeceiiiuie noaioeyie eeoaicee ia aaaaiea ia?a aa? e o. a. E oiio ?a i?aeoe?anee ana eiiiaiee e oe?iu, naycaiiua n iaeanou? eioi?iaoee, a ionoonoaea oaoie?aneeo e i?aaiauo ?aca?aie?aiee nicaaee naie ?uii?iua a?aieou e i?aaa.
Niiniaiinou eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee e acaeiiaaenoae?
Neaao?uae oaiaaioeae ?acaeoey EO yaeyaony niiniaiinou e acaeiiaaenoae? ia?ao anaie oece?aneeie e eiae?aneeie yeaiaioaie nenoaiu. Iaei ec aa?iaeoeo oaeoi?ia aey iaania?aiey niaianoeiinoe acaeiiaaenoaey—iiyaeaiea iiauo noaiaa?oia ia i?ia?aiiiua e aiia?aoiua n?aanoaa, aenieae, aacu aaiiuo e naoe, ?oi iiaeaeei ca niaie i?ioan nu noaiaa?oecaoee.
Iiaua oaoiieiaee yaey?ony aeaaiie aae?ouae neeie a aiiieiaiea e nouanoao?uei neeai ie?iaiai ?uiea. Anaai ianeieuei ee??aauo eiiiiiaioia—iee?ii?ioanni?u, ei eaeuiua naoe, ?iaioioaoieea, niaoeaeece?iaaiiua A?I, aao?eee, i?ia?aiie?oaiua eiio?ieea?u—i?aa?aoeee a ?a aeuiinou eiioaioe? aaoiiaoece?iaaiiiai i?aai?eyoey. Iaiaei a ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaoiieiaey ii?ao yaeyouny e naa??eaa?uei oaeoi?ii: ionoonoaea niiniaiinoe e acaeii aaenoae? n?aanoa aaoiiaoecaoee aaeaao ia?aoeiiaeuiie aa ?aaeecaoe?. Yoi iaoneiaeaii ac?uaiui ?anoe?aieai EO, a ?acoeuoaoa ?aai noaiaa?oecaoey i?iaoeoia ia oniaaaao ca oaoie?aneeie noaiaa?oaie. N a?oaie noi?iiu, a ?acoeuoaoa aieaa aeoeaiie ia?eaoeiaiaie aayoaeuiinoe e oniaoia a ?ani?ino?aiaiee EI, caoaaoa aieuoie ?uii?iie aiee eaeie-eeai eiiiaieae, a? i?iaoeo noaiiaeony noaiaa?oii aey anao inoaeuiuo. A ea?anoaa i?eia?a ii?ii i?eaanoe ia?niiaeuiua eiiiu?oa?u oe?iu IBM, iia?aoeiiiua nenoaiu ei?ii?aoee Microsoft, eieaeuiay naou Novell, noaiaa?ou auoiaie aeaaicaiene VHS oe?iu JVC, Video-8 oe?iu Sony.
Iinoaaueeai eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee neaaoao ioaieou oa eiaeaeaoaeuiua naaeae, eioi?ua i?iecioee a eioa?anao eo eeeaioia. I?i ecaianoai aieaa ia aoaao ii?aaaeyouny iacia?aieai eiia? iiai i?iaoeoa, a nei?aa ni?aoaieai i?iecaianoaaiiuo e ?u ii?iuo oa?aeoa?enoee, iai?eia? aieuoei iauaiii o?a ao?ueony oaniiiuo ecaaeee ec ieanoeea eee caeacaie ia i?iaoeoe? ii?ioeiaie iaoaeeo?aee. A nia?aiaiiii ie?a oaiaeaoai?aiea iio?aaiinoae caeac?eeia ii?aaaeyao i?iec aianoaaiio? aayoaeuiinou oe?i.
Niiniaiinou e acaeiiaaenoae? eae eiioaioey noieu ?a i?eaeaeaoaeuia, neieu o?oaia a ?aaeecaoee. O?oaiinoe nay caiu iaiia?aiaiii n i?iaeaiaie oaoiieiaee e eiieo?ai oee. Oaoiieiae?aneea oneeey nin?aaioi?aiu ia oaoie?aneeo iieacaoaeyo, eioi?ua ii?aaaey?ony ia aaca noaiaa?oia. Neaaiaaoaeuii, iaee?ea noaiaa?oia yaeyaony caeiaii ainoe ?aiey acaeiiaaenoaey. Eae oeacuaaeinu auoa, nei?inou iiyaeaiey iiauo eioi?iaoeiiiuo ?ac?aaioie auoa, ia?aee noaiaa?oecaoey eioi?iaoeiiiuo i?iaoeoia. Ii a iineaaiaa a?aiy a nayce n oe?oiiaieai i?aai?eyoee e oaaee?eaa?ueiny iiuoii ii eioaa?aoee ?acee?iuo ieaooi?i EI, noaiaa?oecaoey aayoaeuiinoe ?acee?iuo i?iecaiaeoaeae i?iaiaeony o?a ia yoaia ?ac?aaioee e nicaaiey EI.
Aua iaia nei?iinou oaeouaai iiiaioa ninoieo a oii, ?oi ?acaeoea EO a cia?eoaeuiie noaiaie ii?aaaeyao i?i oannu eioaa?aoee nenoai e nicaaiey noaiaa?oia. Yoi ii?ao a cia?eoaeuiie ia?a ioiaaeioou n?iee ?aaeecaoee oao i?a eiouanoa, eioi?ua i?aainoaaey?o iiaaeoea oaoiieiaee. Ia i?eia?, auiieiaiea i?ia?aiiu nicaaiey eiiiu?oa?ia iy oiai iieieaiey, oeiaine?oaiie yiiineeie oe?iaie, naa? ?eaaaony oai, ?oi iiaay a?oeoaeoo?a i?ia?aiiiiai iaania ?aiey iiea ia ni?aoaaony n nouanoao?ueie oaio?aie eneon noaaiiiai eioaeeaeoa, iiaua i?ioieieu ia iiaoo auou en iieuciaaiu a noa?uo nenoaiao nayce, a iiaua iaoeiiua ycuee ia iiaoiayo aey noa?uo nenoai e o. a.
Eeeaeaaoey i?iia?ooi?iuo caaiuaa
Ii ia?a oiai eae eioi?iaoeiiiua oaoiieiaee ana aeoa?a i?iieeaao a ?acee?iua noa?u aeciana, iia eciaiyao ?acee?iua noieiinoiua iiea caoaee, ia eioi?uo aace?oaony eiieo?aioey. Yoi aea?ao ca niaie ooiaaiaioaeuiua no?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey a a?oaeo io?aneyo yeiiiieee, au?a?a?ueany a oaeie a?aiaoe?aneie oaiaaioee, eae eeeaeaaoey i?iia?ooi?iuo caaiuaa. Iineaa iaa icia?aao ono?aiaiea oao noaaee, eioi?ua aee??a?o iin?aaieeia ia?ao iio?aaeoaeyie e i?iecaiaeoaeyie. A ?anoiinoe, a aaieianeie noa?a oiaiuoaaony ?ieu iaeeeo aaieia, oae eae ia aiaa?aiea eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee o?aao?ony cia?eoaeuiua ?ano?nu.
eioi?iaoeiiiua oaoiieiaee o?a a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaania?eaaao aicii?iinoe aey eeeaeaaoee i?iia?ooi?iuo ooieoee aioo?e eiiiaiee e ia?ao ieie. Oaeaia?eaoeia e nenoaia caeacia “eiiiu? oa?—eiiiu?oa?” ono?aiy?o, iai?eia?, i?iia?ooi?iua oi? aiaua i?aaiecaoee. Iieoiaoaee, eia?uea ainooi e oa?ie iaeai iauaai iieuciaaiey (oae iacuaaaiui “yeaeo?iiiui eeineai”), caeacuaa?o eia?ueany a i?iaa?a oiaa?u e iieo?a?o yeaeo?iiiua eoiiiu. Ii?ii i?eaanoe ianno aiaeiae?iuo i?eia?ia, iai?eia? a aaieianeii aaea e o. a.
A oaeii ioaieaay neooaoe?, aia?eeaineea niaoeaeenou ooaa??aa?o neaao?uaa: “Aaiay iiaia i?o?ea eiieo?aioee a ?acee?iua noa?u aayoaeuiinoe, EO aucuaaao ino?o? ai?u ao ia?ao oe?iaie”. Intel i?aaneacuaaao, ?oi a eiioa eiioia "yeaeo?iiiay" eiiia?oey auoanieo n?aaiaa caaii aeciana (aeno?eau?oi?ia), eioi?ua naaiaiy ea?a?o aa?io? ?ieu a aiaaaaiee anao aeaia i?iaoeoee ai eiia?iiai iieuciaaoaey.
Iniiaiay i?e?eia i?aa?auaiey EO a oaeo? iiuio? neeo ninoieo a oii, ?oi eioi?iaoey ?anoi aunooiaao a ea?anoaa iniiaiiai i?iaoeoa iaiaia i?e niaa? oaiee naaeee, iai?eia?, eiaaa caeoiaaony i?ia?aiia ia o?aiey eee caee??aaony eiio?aeo ia i?aainoaaeaiea eii noeuoaoeiiiuo oneoa. Yoi ni?aaaaeeai aey acaeiiioiioa iee aioo?e i?aai?eyoee (i?iecaianoai—iaania?aiea), ia? ao i?aai?eyoeyie (iieoiaoaeu—i?iaaaao) e ia?ao i?aa i?eyoeai e iio?aaeoaeai. A yoeo neo?ayo eeeaeaaoey i?iia?ooi?iuo caaiuaa iaoneiaeaia aiaa?aieai iiauo oaoii eiaee, eioi?ua iaania?eaa?o aiaaai?io? noieiinou eioi? iaoee ca n?ao aa ia?aaioee, o?aiaiey, ia?aaa?e e i?aia?a ciaaiey a aieaa oaa?iua e ainooiiua aey iaiaaeaiiiai en iieuciaaiey oi?iu. Ion?aa auoaea?o nouanoaaiiua i?a eiouanoaa eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee: aieaa oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea, aieuoay i?inoioa iieuciaaiey e nie?aiea oai a nayce n oai, ?oi oaaeuiua ecaa??ee ia eioi?iaoeiiiua oaoiieiaee cia?eoaeuii ie?a oaaeuiuo ec aa??ae i?e eniieuciaaiee o?aaeoeiiiuo iaoiaia (n i?eaea ?aieai ?aeiaaea, aoiaae e o. a.).
Nouanoao?o na?uaciua iniiaaiey i?aaiieaaaou, ?oi o?a a ia?aea 90-o aiaia eeeaeaaoey i?iia?ooi?iuo caaiuaa eae i?iyaeaiea o?aouae oaiaaioee ?acaeoey EO i?eaaaao e ?ac iuaaie? a?aieo ia?ao o?aaeoeiiiuie io?aneyie yeiii ieee e io?aneyie, naycaiiuie n EO. E oiio ?a eeeaeaa oey i?iia?ooi?iuo caaiuaa, eioi?ay i?ienoiaeo a ianoiy uaa a?aiy n?aae iio?aaeoaeae EO, ianiiiaiii, auciaao aia eiae?iue i?ioann e n?aae iinoaaueeia EO.
Aeiaaeecaoey
Aua iaiie oaiaaioeae ?acaeoey eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee yaeyaony aeiaaeeca oey eioi?iaoeiiiiai aeciana. ?enoi oai?aoe?anee e?aie ?aeiaae (eee oe?ia) yaeyaony naaiaiy aicii?iui iio?aae oaeai eioi?iaoee. Iiyoiio aicii?iinoe eioi?iaoeiiiiai ?uiea ii-i?a?iaio yaey?ony aani?aaaeuiuie, oioy e no uanoaoao aiaieuii ?anoeay eiieo?aioey ia?ao iniiaiuie i?iecaiaeoaeyie. E o?aaeoeiiii neeuiui i?iecaiaeoaeyi, oaeei eae NOA, ?iiiey, O?aioey, Aaeeeia?eoaiey e O?A, a iineaaiea aiau aiaaaeeenu oe?iu Aano?aeee, ??iie Ei ?ai, Oaeaaiy, Neiaaio?a e a?. Iaiie ec aeaaiuo i?e?ei eioaineoeeaoee ie?iaie eiieo?aioee yaeyaony ?ani?ino?a iaiea ni?ina ia eiie?aoiua aeau EO a ie?iaii ianooaaa. Ii?ii neacaou, ?oi, ianiio?y ia ?acee?ea ?uieia, i?iaoeoey, iieuco?uayny ni?inii a Aia?eea, oaeoe?anee aiaeiae?ia oie i?iaoeoee, ia eioi?o? nouanoaoao ni?in a ?iiiee e Aa?iia. Iaee?ea iyoe iniiaiuo oaeoi?ia iaoneaaeeaaao yoio i?ioann:
?acee?iue o?iaaiu ciaiee a iaeanoe EO, ii?aaaey?uee oaiiu aa ?ani?ino?aiaiey, eioi?ua aa?ue?o?o a oe?ieeo i?aaaeao a caaeneiinoe io noa?u i?eiaiaiey e io iniaaiiinoae no?aiu;
niioiioaiea "noieiinou — yooaeoeaiinou" EO;
i?aaeoaeunoaaiiay iiaaa??ea;
noaiaa?oecaoey;
n?aaieoaeuiua ainoieinoaa ninouanoao?ueo e acae iicaiaiyaiuo oaoiieiaee.
Naaiaiy a eioi?iaoeiiiii aeciana, eae e a oaeii a noa ?a yeiiiieee, nei?eeenu o?e e?oiiaeoeo oaio?a—NOA, ?iiiey, Caiaaiay Aa?iia, ia?ao eioi?uie e ?acai?a?e aaaony any eiieo?aioiay ai?uaa. Iniiaiua eoiae yoie ai?u au. a eiioa 80-o — ia?aea 90-o aiaia oa?aeoa?eco?ony nea ao?uei. Iaiaoeeinu iauaa ineaaeaiea aia?eeaineeo iice oee ia ie?iaii ?uiea eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee. NOA naaiaiy aiieie?o?o oieu ei a iaeanoe iinoaaie eiiiu?oa?iiai iai?oaiaaiey (75%) e i?ia?aiiiuo n?aanoa (65%).
Ioia?aaony ia?anoaiea ?iee ?iiiee. N eiioa 70-o aiaia iia i?iecaaea ieiei 50% ie?iaiai iauaia iio?aaeoaeuneie yeaeo?iieee. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia naaa?iaia?eeaineii ?uiea aiey yiiineeo i?iecaiaeoaeae eiioi?neiai iai?oai aaiey ninoaaeyao: a iaeanoe eiie?iaaeuiie aiia?aoo?u— nauoa 40%, a iaeanoe eaeueoeyoi?ia e oaeneieeuiiai iai ?oaiaaiey—ieiei 100%.
Aey Aa?iiu oa?aeoa?ii a iineaaiaa a?aiy ionoaaaiea a iaeanoe EO. Aa?iiaeneea eiiiaiee, niaoeaeece?o?ueany ia EO, ca ?aaeei enee??aieai ianeieueeo i?iecaiaeoaeae ie?iaiai eeanna ?anniao?eaa?ony eae iieiinou? e, aic ii?ii, iaanaaaa oo?aoeaoeie niiniaiinou eiieo?e?iaaou ia ie?iaii ?uiea EO. Oaeia caee??aiea iaecaa?ii neaaoao ec i?iaaaaiiiai ii?ina iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey. Iauay aiey aa?iiaeneeo eiiiaiee ia aioo?aiiai ?uiea ninoaaeyao oieuei 30—40% iauaai iauaia iinoaaie EO. N?aae 100 e?oiiaeoeo ?anoiuo eiiiaiee e oe?i oieuei 19—aa?i iaeneea. Ana no?aiu Aa?iiu yaey?ony iaooi-eiii?oa?aie EO, e eo oi?aiaue aaoeoeo a iaeanoe iiaaeoeo oaoiieiaee ?anoao. Ii i?aaeoaeunoaa aa?iiaeneeo ainoaa?noa, ianiio?y ia neaioe?aneia ioiioaiea e eo aayoaeuiinoe ni noi?iiu aunoaai ?oeiaianoaa ?anoiuo eiiiaiee, niinianoao?o aic ?i?aaie? naiae i?iiuoeaiiinoe EO. IEIE? a iaeanoe EO iaoee iiaaa??eo ia oieuei ni noi?iiu ioaaeuiuo i?a aeoaeunoa, iie i?eaeaeee aieiaiea ?oeiaianoaa AYN, ei oi?ia auaaeioei iaoe?io? i?ia?aiio eiinieeaaoee ?a no?nia. I?eia?ii yaeyaony i?ia?aiia ESPRIT (Aa?iiae neay no?aoaae?aneay i?ia?aiia enneaaiaaiee a iaeanoe eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee).
Eiiaa?aaioey
Aeiaaeecaoey iaiin?aanoaaiii naycaia n eiiaa?aai oeae. ?aiaa noa?o i?iecaianoaa e noa?o oneoa ii?ii auei eaaei ii?aaaeeou e aeooa?aioe?iaaou. Iaia ei iienaiiua auoa “eioi?iaoeiiiua oaiaaioee” ia iy?o o?aaeoeiiiua i?aanoaaeaiey. Iaeioi?ua aeau i?i aoeoee e oneoa ?aca?aie?eou ainoaoi?ii i?inoi. Ieoouea iaoeiee e eaeueoeyoi?u—yoi i?iaoeoey, oaeaen e ?aaei aauaiea—yoi oneoae. Nei?iaa ianoieo aaei, eiaaa ?a?u eaao, iai?eia?, i oaeaeniie aiia?aoo?a e OA-i?eaiieeao, eioi?ua i?eia?aoa?o eiie?aoio? cia?eiinou oieuei a niai eoiiinoe n auoaoiiiyioouie aeaaie oneoa. Iaeioi?ua ne noaiu iiaoo ni?aoaou a naaa ono?ienoaa. I?eia?aie yaey ?ony nenoaiu eiae?iaee a?iea?neeo iia?aoee, aaieianeea aiia?aou, a oae?a nenoaiu yia?aieiio?iey. E?iia oiai, ii?aaaeaiiua aeau i?iaoeoee e oneoa, auiieiyy iaeiaeiaua ooieoee, noaiiayony ii nouanoao acaeiicaiaiyaiuie.
Eiiaa?aaioey oi?ie?oao naaiaiy oae iacuaaaiue iioai oeaeuiue ?uiie EO, iniiaiuie naaiaioaie eioi?iai yaey ?ony neaao?uea.
1) Iio?aaeoaeuneee naaiaio aee??aao ia?aaa?o eioi? iaoee e ?acaea?aiee e iio?aaeaiea eo ?anoiuie eeoaie. Oaeia iio?aaeaiea ii?ao inouanoaeyouny aiia, a ee?iii aaoiiiaeea, ianoiii oi?aiaii oaio?a eee iiia?a ainoe ieou. Iiiaea eiaeaeaoaeuiua oneoae iiaoo auou iieo?aiu oae?a neo?aueie oe?iu ni naieo A?I aac niaoeaeuiiai ?ac?aoaiey oe?iu.
2) Iaania?aiea aeciana aee??aao iio?aaeaiea i?iaoeoee e oneoa EO a oiaa ?aaeecaoee ?acee?iuo aeaia aaeiaie aay oaeuiinoe: caeoiee, i?iecaianoai-ianeo?eaaiea, ia?eaoeia, oece?aneia ?ani?ino?aiaiea i?iaoeoee e a?oaea noaaee ni caaiey aiaaaeaiiie noieiinoe. Eniieuciaaiea EO, eae i?a aeei, ??acau?aeii eioaineaii, iineo iiaoi?y?ueeny oa?ae oa? e ?aaoee?oaony ii?aaaeaiiuie i?ioaao?aie.
3) Eioaeeaeooaeuiay ?aaioa ioiineony e iio?aaeaie? e ia?aaa?a eioi?iaoee n?aae iaiaa?a?ia e a?oaeo niaoea eenoia. Yoa noa?a aayoaeuiinoe ioeai?ii ioi?aanoaeyaony n aaaaieai aaeiauo iia?aoee, ia naiii aaea iia ioee?aaony io iineaaieo ii nouanoao. Iaeanou iio?aaeaiey iineo aieaa niaoeaeuiue oa?aeoa?, iaiuoa ii iauaio e ii?aaaeyaony a aieuoae noaiaie niauoeyie, ?ai i?ioaao ?aie i?e ?anniio?aiee aii?ina i i?eia?aoaiee EO. Aieu oeinoai iieoiaoaeae ?oeiaianoao?ony ea?anoaaiiuie e?e oa?eyie e eiooeoeae, ianiio?y ia iaee?ea iaoiaeee eiee?a noaaiiiai aiaeeca.
I?iaiic “?aaeuiiai” ?uiea n o?aoii aiaeeca aeiaieee ?acaeoey eiaono?ee eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee iicaieyao auaaeeou neaao?uea in iiaiua iaeanoe EO.
1) Oneoae nayce—?aaeeco?ony iin?aanoaii oaeeo naoae iauaai iieuciaaiey, eae oaeaoiiiay ia?aaa?a aaiiuo, ia ?aaa?e ecia?a?aiey e caoeiauo neaiaeia, a oae?a o?aae oeiiiuo iaoiaia ainoaaee, iai?eia? ii ii?oa.
2) Eioi?iaoeiiiua oneoae — i?aanoaaeaiu ?acee?iiai ?iaa ioaeeeaoeyie, inouanoaeyaiuie eae o?aaeoeiiiuie iaoiaaie, oae e iin?aanoaii yeaeo?iieee; iaeaoaie i?e eeaaiuo i?ia?aii, caeaciuie i?ia?aiiiuie n?aanoaaie, eiiiu?oa?iie ia?aaioeie aaiiuo, ?aeeaiie e a?oaeie ae aaie i?ioanneiiaeuiuo oneoa.
3) ?acaea?aiey—iaania?eaa?ony ca n?ao nicaaiey ei oi?iaoeiiiiai i?iaoeoa: iocueaeuiiai, ooai?anoaaiiiai, ?ii?enoe?aneiai e ea?iaiai oa?aeoa?a, ?ani?ino?aiaiey aai a aeaa ia?aoiuo ecaaiee, ieanoeiie, eannao, aeneao e o.a., a oae?a iin?aanoaii ?aaei- e OA-o?aineyoee, eaaaeuiiai oaeaaeaaiey, oaao?ia e a?.
4) Iio?aaeoaeuneay yeaeo?iieea—i?aanoaaeaia noai aa?oiuie ono?ienoaaie e nenoaiaie, iaania?eaa?ueie ii o?aaiinoe ?anoiuo eeo a eioi?iaoee e ?acaea?aieyo. Ia i?eia?, oaeaoiiiay, aoaei- e OA-aiia?aoo?a, oaeea iiaae oea nenoaiu, eae auoiaua eiiiu?oa?u e eaca?iua i?iea?u aaoaee, eioi?ua o?aiyo e aini?iecaiayo eioi?iaoeiiii-?acaeaeaoaeuiua ia?aaa?e.
5) Eiioi?neia iai?oaiaaiea — ioaaouaaao oe?ieee e?oa ono?ienoa e nenoai: io i?inoaeoeo aaoiiiiiuo ono ?ienoa aey ia?aianaiey n iineoaey ia iineoaeu (eiie?iaaeu iua e ieoouea iaoeiu) ai naaiaiyoieo—n naoyie ia?ni iaeuiuo eiiiu?oa?ia, oaeaoiiiuo aiia?aoia e a?oaeo aeaia A?I, eioi?ua o?aiyo, ia?aaaouaa?o e ia?aaa?o eioi? iaoe?.
6) Nenoaiu iaania?aiey aeciana. E iei ioiinyony ne noaiu iauaai iacia?aiey aey ia?aaioee, o?aiaiey e ia?a aa?e eioi?iaoee (iai?eia?, oieaa?naeuiua eiiiu?oa?u n niioaaonoao?uei i?ia?aiiiui iaania?aieai), a oae?a ono ?ienoaa e nenoaiu niaoeaeece?iaaiiiai iacia?aiey (eiiio oaoi?u aey naoae nayce, ono?ienoaa nai?a oaoiieiae?aneie eioi?iaoee, ?iaiou, n?aanoaa aaoiiaoece?iaaiiiai eiio?i ey e oi?aaeaiey oaoiieiae?aneeie i?ioannaie, “yeaeo?ii iua eeinee”, aaoiiaoe?aneea eanniaua aiia?aou e nenoaiu i?iaa?e aaiceia). Ia?ao naaiaioaie EO iioaioeaeuiiai ?uiea e i?iaiicii “?aaeuiiai” ?uiea i?ienoiaeo yooaeo iaei?aiey, eioi?ue a aoaouai aoaao ii?aaaeyou eiiu?ie oo?o ?uiea.
Iiene iiaie eioaa?e?iaaiiie i?iaoeoee e iaiaoiaeiinou auno?ie eiiaa?aaioee aucuaa?o no?aieaiea e ananoi?iiiaio nio?oaie?anoao oe?i a iaeanoe EO. Oniao caanu ai iiiaii caaeneo io ?aou?ao ianoiyoaeunoa.
1. Eiiiaiee aie?iu no?aieouny e eiiaa?aaioee n aeec eeie eee ?ianoaaiiuie i?aai?eyoeyie, ?oi oneeeaaao oae iacuaaaiia “no?aoaae?aneia ya?i”.
2. Oe?iu aie?iu no?aieouny e ainoe?aie? i?i?iiai e aieaia?aiaiiiai iiei?aiey ia ?uiea, eioi?ia ii?ao auou iaania?aii niaianoiuie oneeeyie.
3. Eiiiaiee aie?iu iiaoiaeou e auai?o ia?niaeoeaiuo ia?oia?ia ni no?aoaae?aneeo iiceoee.
4. I?e iaee?ee iioaioeaeuii-no?aoaae?aneiai ia?oia?a iinoaauee EO ai niaa?oaiey naaeee aie?ai ?aoei i?aa noaaeyou, eaeea oneiaey ia?oia?noaa iaania?ao iaeneiaeuiua i?aeiouanoaa.
Eiiaa?aaioey, oaeei ia?acii, aunooiaao eae iiiaiia? iue oaiiiai, iaoneiaeaiiue ?acaeoeai a?oaeo ?aou?ao “ei oi?iaoeiiiuo oaiaaioee”. Eiiaa?aaioey eioaa?aeuiuo ?u ii?iuo oneoa yaeyaony iaaeyaiui i?eia?ii aiieie?o?uaai cia?aiey eioi?iaoeiiiiai i?iaoeoa, ainooi iio?aaeoaey e eioi?iio inouanoaeyaony iin?aanoaii nenoai, niiniaiuo e acaeiiaaenoae?, ?oi i?eaiaeo, a nai? i?a?aau, e eeeaeaaoee i?iia?ooi?iuo caaiuaa e o?aaeoeiiiuo eaiaeia ?ani?i no?aiaiey, niinianoaoao aeiaaeecaoee.
Oaoie?aneia iaania?aiea — ooiaaiaio eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee
Yaie?oey oaoie?aneiai iaania?aiey, eioi?ia aee??aao a naay aiia?aoiua n?aanoaa, n?aanoaa eiiioieeaoee, i?ia?aiiiia iaania?aiea, i?ioiaeo ia?aaiiia?ii, nea?eiia?acii. ?acaeoea eiiiu?oa?iie oaoieee iiea i?ienoiaeo a aaiiao?e?aneie i?ia?anee. Ea?aua ?aou?a aiaa i?ienoiaeo oaaiaiea i?iecaiaeoaeuiinoe eiiiu?oa?ia.
Oe?iu Apple Computer Corp., IBM Corp., Netscape Communications Corp., Oracle Corp. e Sun Microsystems Inc. i?aanoaaeee yoaeiiiue ia?a?aiu niaoeoeeaoee e ?aeiiaiaaoee ii ono?ienoao naoaaiai eiiiu?oa?a (NC, Network Computer). Yoi eiiaaa i?aiiaiineony e aini?eieiaaony eae nia?ou oaiaaio Wintel (Windows+Intel) e ia?niiaeuiui eiiiu?oa?ai aiiaua. Ae?aooa, noou naoaaiai eiiiu?oa?a caee??aaony a oii, ?oi yoi ono?ienoai iaoiaeony a iinoiyiiii niaaeiaiee n naou?, e iicaieyao aieaa ieioii eniieuciaaou ?ano?nu naoe. I?e yoii oaaaony nieceou noieiinou naiiai eiiiu?oa?a e aai yenieoaoaoee, aiaeouny iacaaeneiinoe i?ia?aiiiiai iaania?aiey io ieaooi?iu. I?aaiieaaaaony, ?oi a ea?aii NC aoaao ano?iaii i?ia?aiiiia iaania?aiea i?iniio?a WWW-no?aieo, niiniaiiai eniieiyou caa?o?aaiua ii naoe i?eei?aiey, a iaiaoiaeiinou a ?anoeii aenea ioiaaaao. I?aiu iioi?a ia iiiaioa?ieiaeuiua eiiieaenu n ?acee?iie noaiaiu? eioaeeaeooaeuiinoe oa?ieiaea, eioi?ua oae e ia i?e?eeenu iianaianoii. Eiieo?aioey canoaaeyao Microsoft e Intel ?ac?aaaouaaou a?oaea ?aaeecaoee yoeo eaae, iaaaaii iie aunooieee n aaoiy eieoeaoeaaie, iai?aaeaiiuie ia nie?aiea noieiinoe niaa??aiey ia?niiaeuiuo eiiiu?oa?ia a i?aaiecaoee. Iie iacuaa?ony "Zero Administration" ("Ioeaaia aaieieno?e?iaaiea") e NetPC (naoaaie ia?niiaeuiue eiiiu?oa?). A ieo i?aaoniio?aiu iaeioi?ua iiiaiou, ia?anaea?ueany n i?aaei?aieyie eieoeaoi?ia NC, ii aac ?aaie?oeiiiuo i?aia?aciaaiee. Iioaeeeiaaia niioaaonoao?uay niaoeoeeaoey, a eieoeaoeau iieo?eee iiaaa??eo 96-oe aaaoueo i?iecaiaeoaeae.
A na?aaeia iiya?y 1996 aiaa ?yaii aaaoueo i?iecaiaeoaeae iauyaeaii i auionea ono?ienoa eeanna "Handheld PC" (ii aiaeiaee n ?anaie yoi ii?ii ia?aaanoe eae "ia?o?iue eiiiu?oa?", a iiynieou oae: "eiiiu?oa?, n eioi?ui ii?ii ?aaioaou, aa??a aai ia eaaiie"). Ii ooieoeiie?oao iia oi?aaeaieai niaoeaeuiie aa?nee Windows — Windows CE, nicaaiiie niaoeaeuii aey oe?ieiai ?yaa ono?ienoa oeia ia?niiaeuiuo oeo?iauo iiiiuieeia, eiiioieeaoeiiiuo ono?ienoa e ii?oaoeaiuo eiiiu?oa?ia. Iia?aoeiiiay nenoaia, a oae?a oi?iuaiiua ("pocket") aa?nee iaiaa?a?a ia?niiaeuiie eioi?iaoee, Word, Excel, Internet Explorer e eeeaioa yeaeo?iiiie ii?ou o?aiyony a ICO. I?aaoniio?ai iaiai aaiiuie n ianoieuiui IE e aai i?eei?aieyie, e, anoanoaaiii, ainooi e Internet. Aan ono?ienoaa — ia aieaa 500 a, oaia — ieiei $500 (iaae?aneay noiia).
Caaa?oay ?acaiai? i naoaaii eiiiu?oa?a, neaaoao neacaou i oii, ?oi iu, eiia?ii ?a, noaiai naeaaoaeyie iiyaeaiey iii?anoaa Naoaauo Ono?ienoa (a niunea ono?ienoa aey ainooia e Naoe). Yoi aoaoo ono?ienoaa ?acee?iiai iacia?aiey, eae aey auoiauo, ?acaeaeaoaeuiuo, oae e aey i?ioanneiiaeuiuo iaaiaiinoae. Ia?eiay io oaeaaeceiiiuo i?enoaaie ai niaoeaeuiuo ono?ienoa aey ?aaiou n aacaie aaiiuo, iai?eia?, aey caeaca aeeaoia a o?ainii?oiuo aaaionoaao. E aiana ia iaycaoaeuii, ?oiau iie aace?iaaeenu ia oaoiieiaee Java, yoi ii?ao auou e niaoeaeuiay aa?ney Windows, eae a iienaiiii auoa i?eia?a. Aoaao ia?yao n oaeeie ono?ienoaaie e nianoaaiii naoaaie eiiiu?oa?, eae ii nae?an iiieiaaony. Nei?aa anaai, iniiaiay noa?a aai i?eiaiaiey — niaoeaeece?iaaiiua eiiieaenu. Iie aoaoo ninouanoaiaaou n ia?niiaeuiuie eiiiu?oa?aie, iiaee??aiiuie e naoe e a?oaeie aa?eaioaie, ninoaaeyy iaaieuoo? ?anou ?uiea.
Ana eeaa?u eiiiu?oa?iie eiaono?ee iaia?iaiaaee naie no?aoaae?aneea ieaiu ioiineoaeuii Internet/Intranet e niaieoiiinoe iiauo oaoiieiaee, niaoa ooaa?aeouny a iauanoaaiiii iiaiee, eae Internet-eiiiaiee. Ia naaeaou yoiai e ia iiaoaa?aeou naie cayaeaiey aaeaie — icia?aao iioa?you aiaa?ea eeeaioia e i?iea?aou. Iauyaeaia niioaaonoao?uay no?aoaaey e ei?ii?aoeae Microsoft. O?a i?iecaaaaia aioo?aiiyy no?oeoo?iay ia?ano?ieea, auiouaia oaeay aaiia i?iaoeoia aey Internet, ana nouanoao?uea i?iaoeou aiiieiy?ony n?aanoaaie eioaa?aoee n Internet, ?acaeaa?ony iiaua oaoiieiaee. Eaao ?aaioa a iacaaeneiuo eiieoaoao e eiini?oeoiao ii niaeaniaaie? noaiaa?oia. Naaiaiy Microsoft o?aoeo ia enneaaiaaiey e ?ac?aaioee a iaeanoe Internet aieuoa, ?ai e?aay a?oaay eiiiaiey.
Ia ionoa?o io ?ac?aaio?eeia eiiiu?oa?iie oaoieee e a?oaea ?ac?aaio?eee oaoie?aneiai iaania?aiey. Ai eiioa aaea ieaie?oaony ?acaa?ioou aeiaaeuio? niooieeiao? oaeaoiiio? naou, ninoiyuo? ec 86 ieceii?aeoaeuiuo niooieeia, eioi?ay iicaieyao naycuaaouny ii niooieeiaiio oaeaoiio ec e?aie oi?ee ieaiaou. A yoii i?iaeoa o?anoaoao ?inneeneee i?iecaiaeoaeu ?aeao — Oaio? ei. O?oie?aaa.
Internet — y?eia i?iyaeaiea iniiaiuo oaiaaioee ?acaeoey eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee
Ia i?aa oio, eoi aoiaao, ?oi Internet nicaai oieuei aey "oaoia?ae". Yoa aeiaaeuiay naou i?eaeaeaao ana aieuoa aaiiaioia, aey eioi?uo eiiiu?oa? yaeyaony eeou eino?oiaioii a eo i?ioanneiiaeuiie aayoaeuiinoe.
Noieo iaiiiieou enoi?e? ?acaeoey Internet. A 70-o aiaao aiaiiia aaaiinoai NOA ia?aei ?ac?aaioeo aeiaaeuiie naoe, niiniaiie aunoiyou a oneiaeyo yaa?iie aieiu. Yoi ainoeaaeinu aicii?iinou? eniieuciaaiey na?aa?ia a aeaa "iaooeiu", oi anou ia?o?ooia niaaeiaiey eiiiu?oa?ia ?aciuo iieuciaaoaeae auei ii?oe aaneiia?iui. A eiioa 70-o e naoe aue ?ac?ao?i ainooi oieaa?neoaoia e iao?iuo oaio?ia, a a 80-o naou auea ioe?uoa aey anao iieuciaaoaeae. ?aciiia?acea noaiaa?oia, i?ia?aiiiiai iaania?aiey, eiiiu?oa?iie oaoieee naa??eaaei eiiia??aneia eniieuciaaiea naoe a iianaaiaaiie aayoaeuiinoe.
Iiyaeaiea oaoiieiaee WWW i?eaaei e ?aaie?oeiiiiio iiau?io eniieuciaaiey Internet. Wold Wide Web (WWW) -- iiaaeoay e auno?i ?ac?anoa?uayny eioi?iaoeiiiay oaoiieiaey a Internet. Anaai ca iieaiaa eiee?anoai WWW-na?aa?ia a ie?a oaaee?eeinu io 3000 ai 10000. E "ieaoaiea iaooeiu" i?iaie?aaony, a?aaiaaii iiyaey?ony iiaua o?aieeeua aaiiuo, niaa??auea ?aciiia?aciaeoo? eioi?iaoe?. Aeaiacii oai -- io eiaee ?uau ia iooo e aiiaoiaai ieaiaa?aiey ai iaci?ia eeiioeeuiia e yeaeo?iiiuo aacao.
WWW iiaaa??eaaao iaai? noaiaa?oia, iicaiey?ueo iieucia__aoaeyi iieo?eou ainooi e eioi?iaoeiiiui ?ano?nai Internet. Ioee?eoaeuiie iniaaiiinou? Web yaey?ony aeia?oaenoiaua n?aanoaa, n iiiiuu? eioi?uo ii?ii aac nei?iuo iaieioeyoee iieo?aou ainooi e eioi?iaoee, iaoiayuaeny ia a?oaii eiioa naaoa. Ia?aua ieoe "iaooeiu" auee nieaoaiu a 1989 aiao a Oa?ia, European particle physics laboratory iia ?oeiaianoaii Oeia Aa?ia?n-Ee. WWW aue caaoiai eae oaeinoiue ie?, a eioi?ii eioi?iaoey ec e?auo enoi?ieeia eaaei ainooiia ia e?auo oeiao eiiiu?oa?ia, a e?aie no?aia, n eniieuciaaieai noaiaa?oeciaaiiuo i?ia?aii.
WWW -- iiaia n?aanoai aey ecaaoaeuneiai aeciana e eiee?anoai ecaaiee, iiyaey?ueony a aeaa yeaeo?iiiuo aa?nee, iinoiyiii ?anoao.
Eioa?anai e oio oaeo, ?oi a ioee?ea io iau?iie i?aeoeee aeiaaeuiuo naoae, eiaaa iieuciaaoaeu ieaoeo anooieoaeuiue aciin e iiea?eaaao a?aiy ?aaiou a ?a?eia "on-line", a WWW anou oaiaaioey e naiaiaiiio na?aeno, iiaaa??eaaaiiio ?aeeaiiuie aioiaaie.
Yoa oaoiieiaey, iiiii?aiiay ia i?iaiice?oaiua ianooaau aiaa?aiey iia?aoeiiiie nenoaiu Windows 95, ?aei?aiua ca an? enoi?e? eiaono?ee, naaeaao Internet oaeei ?a i?eau?iui n?aanoaii iauaiey, eae oaeaoii.
Iaeanoe aeciana, iaeaieaa yooaeoeaii eniieuco?uea ainoe?aiey eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee
A i?iiuoeaiiinoe nenoaiu iiaaee?iaaiey iicaiey?o iaoiaeouny aac ai?iainoiyueo eniuoaiee, nie?aua?o a?aiy nicaaiey i?iaoeoee. Nenoaiu aaoiiaoece?iaaiiiai i?iaeoe?iaaiey onei?y?o i?iaeoe?iaaiea nei?iie i?iaoeoee, aaea?o aicii?iui aieaa oaniia eniieuciaaiea iioaioeaea ?aai?eo a?oii. Nenoaia yeaeo?iiiie ia?aaa?e aaiiuo iicaieyao aieaa yooaeoeaii oi?aaeyou i?aai?eyoeai, aanoe auno?o? ia?aieneo ia?ao ia?oi??aie, iicaieyao nicaaaaou ?aai?ea a?oiiu aioo?e ei?ii?aoee, ia iauaaei?iiua oa??eoi?eaeuii, e aa?a ca n?ao ?acieou ?aniauo iiynia ?anoe?eou a?aiy ?aaiou iaa i?iaeoaie.
A aaieianeie nenoaia aicieea?o iiaua ieaoa?iua nenoaiu, ea?oi?iua nenoaiu, yeaeo?iiiua eioaeuee, yeaeo?iiiua eee?eiaiaua nenoaiu ia iniiaa ainoe?aiee EO. Ia?aiia?aeuii ea?oi?ee eniieuciaaee i?eioei iaaieoiie eaiou, a aaeuiaeoai oaaeinu nicaaou iee?inoaiu, Iaeaaa?uea ieieao??iinou?, aieuoeie aicii?iinoyie e eo?oae caueoie.
Ii ioiioaie? e ?innee ii?ii neacaou neaao?uaa. Oi?ioee (onoie?eaue) aaie aie?ai ?aaioaou n eeeaioaie ii eiiieaeno na?aena, eo?oay oi?ia ?aaiou — yoi ia?iaiaioiue ainooi iieuciaaoaey e aai n?aoo, eioi?ue iaania?eaaao ieanoeeiaay ea?oi?ea. Iaiaei aey yoiai o?aaoaony aieuoea aei?aiey, iiyoiio aaiee auio?aaiu iauaaeiyouny a ?acee?iua ieaoa?iua ni?cu.
Aey ianeo?eaaiey iaeeeo ieaoa?ae i?eiaiy?ony ?eiiaua (smart) ea?ou, ia?eiae?anee "iiaca?y?aaiua" aeaaaeuoai. Iie ia o?aao?o i?e iieoieao aaoi?ecaoee, e aieaa caueuaiu ii n?aaiaie? n iau?iuie iaaieoiuie ea?oi?eaie.
Iiaua EO iicaiey?o ?anoe?eou noa?o oneoa, onei?eou ieaoa?e, oaaoaaeou noieiinou aaia?iiai iai?ioa.
Ianiio?y ia nei?iinoe a ninoiyiee iaaa?iinoe e aaciianiinoe Internet, o?a aicieeea niaoeoeeaoey Open Financial Connectivity (OFS), ?aaeaiaioe?o?uay oeiainiaua o?aicaeoee a naoe Internet e oi?aiaay nenoaia Merchant Server io Microsoft.
Eiaono?ey ?acaea?aiee aeoeaii ?aciiia?aciaeoei ia?acii eniieucoao ainoe?aiey eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee. Yoi e ?ac?aaioea iiauo eiiiu?oa?iuo ea?, iiauo aoo?aeoeiiia, eniieuciaaiea EO a eeii- e aeaaii?iecaianoaa.
Iianiinoe e nei?iinoe i?e eniieuciaaiee EO
A nei?iii i?ia?aiiiii iaania?aiee anou iaainoaoee, eioi?uie iiaoo ainiieuciaaouny iinoi?iiiea eeoa (oaea?u) e eniieuciaaou eo a nai? iieuco. Oae, oaea? oe?ae n e?aaeoiuo ea?oi?ae Ia?aen-aaiea ieiei 7000 aieea?ia, ec eiiiu?oa?ia iieeoee iaiie i?eaaeoeeneie ?anioaeeee en?acea aaca aaiiuo ia ana aaoiiiaeee, ca?eneaiiua a oaii ia oieuei ec auaoaai NNN?, ii e i?ioiayuo? ii aacai iienea Eioa?iiea. A 1993-1995 aiaao auei caoeene?iaaii aieaa 300 iiiuoie i?iieeioou a eiiiu?oa?io? naou OA ?innee. Ca 8 ianyoaa 1996 aiaa a ?innee iaoa?eaeuiue oua?a ninoaaee 7 iei. aieea?ia, a 1995 aiao — 250 ie?a. ?oaeae.
Aey i?aaioa?auaiey ianaieoeiie?iaaiiiai ainooia eniieuco?ony ai?iainoiyuea nenoaiu caueou, niaa?oainoaoaony II.
I?e eniieuciaaiee i?ia?aiiiiai iaania?aiey nouanoaoao aicii?iinou iioa?e aaiiuo io aaenoaey eiiiu?oa?iuo ae?onia, eioi?ua eniieuco?o iaainoaoee II. A nayce n aic?anoa?uae noieiinou? eioi?iaoee iioa?e iiaoo auou i?aiu aaniiuie. Ae?onu nicaa?ony e?auie, eeai ineoe?anee iacai?iauie, iao?aaaaiua aano?oeoeaiuie iioeaaie, eeai aey iaianaiey a?aaa iieuciaaoae?, iieuco?uaiony iaeeoaice?iaaiiie eiieae i?ia?aiiiiai iaania?aiey, eeai ia?eia?uei i?ia?aiienoii, ia eia?uei ainoieiie noa?u i?eiaiaiey naiae yia?aee. Aey caueou i?eoiaeony eniieuciaaou niaoeaeuiua i?ia?aiiu—aioeae?onu. Io?aaii iniciaaaou, ?oi ?inneeneea i?ia?aiienou yaey?ony eeaa?aie a ?ac?aaioea aioeae?onia.
A neeo oiai, ?oi nae?an i?iecioea eiioaio?aoey a io?anee eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee, e ?aaioa?o eeou ii ianeieuei e?oiiuo eiiiaiee a ea?aie niaoeaeece?iaaiiie iaeanoe, ia?aa iieuciaaoaeai EO anoaao aeeaiia auai?a ieaooi?iu eioi?iaoeiiiie oaoiieiaee, oae eae a aaeuiaeoai ii aoaao caaenaou io naiaai iinoaaueea.
Eaaeinou oe?a?e?iaaiey eioi?iaoeiiiuo i?iaoeoia iicaieyao n e?aeinou? ia?ooaou aaoi?neea i?aaa ?ac?aaio?eea EI. Yoi eanaaony, a ia?ao? i?a?aau, aoaei- e aeaaii?iaoeoee, i?ia?aiiiiai iaania?aiey. Oae, a NOA iaeaaaeuii eniieucoaony, ii i?eaeeceoaeuiui iian?aoai, 20% iau?ia anae i?iaoeoee, a Eeoaa - ai 80%, a ?innee - ieiei 70%. Auoia aey ?ac?aaio?eeia EI - noaaaiia i?aneaaiaaiea "ie?aoia", aaaeaiea i?aaeoaeunoaa ia no?aiu, ia?ooa?uea aaoi?neea i?aaa. A ?anoiinoe, a ?innee oe?ia Microsoft, ?inneeneea i?iecaiaeoaee i?ia?aiiiiai iaania?aiey auea?aee a 1996 aiao ianeieuei noaaaiuo i?ioannia i?ioea ie?aoia. Oaeea ?a ia?u niae?aaony i?aai?eiyou e eiiiaiey Symantec. E ie?aou a ?innee o?a ia?aoiayo e oeaeeeciaaiiui iaoiaai i?iaa? EI. I?aaeoaeunoai NOA ieacuaaao neeuiia aaaeaiea ia Eeoae aey i?ae?auaiey iacaeiiiiai oe?a?e?iaaiey eioi?iaoeiiiuo i?iaoeoia, a ?acoeuoaoa a Eeoaa cae?uaa?o iaeaaaeuiua oaa?eee ii oe?a?e?iaaie? EI. Oi ?a naiia i?ienoiaeo e a Aieaa?ee.
Caee??aiea
Ia ia?aue acaeya ia i?ienoiaeo ie?aai naa?oanoanoaaiiiai — eioi?iaoeiiiay eiaono?ey yaeyaony iiaie io?aneu? oaoiieiaee, iia anaaaa ao?ii ?acaeaaeanu, onei?aiey ?a?aaiaaeenu n ioiineoaeuii ieaaiuie ia?eiaaie. I?ienoiayuaa naaiaiy niiinoaaey?o n oaeeie aaoaie, eae iiyaeaiea ia?niiaeuiuo eiiiu?oa?ia a yiioo aeanoaiaaiey aieuoeo YAI e iianaianoiia iauaaeiaiea ia?niiaeuiuo eiiiu?oa?ia a eieaeuiua naoe. Niaeaoaynu n yoei n?aaiaieai, ioiaoei, iaiaei, yaie?oeiiiue oa?aeoa? yaeaiey. I?inoi eiaaa e?ae oioyo io?aceou aa?iinou eaeiai-eeai iiiaioa, iie iacuaa?o aai ?aaie?oeiiiui — yoi ec iaeanoe ia?eaoeiaa.
Ieeoi ia ii?ao eaii?e?iaaou iiaua oaoiieiaee, oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiy?ueany a iaoae ?ecie, ia aiai?y o?a i oie iaiin?aanoaaiiie auaiaa, eioi?o? ec ieo iiaoo ecaeaeaou iio?aaeoaee o?a naaiaiy. ?acoeuoaou yoeo oneeee o?a aiieiua?ony a ?aaeuiuo i?iaeoao.
A ?acoeuoaoa ?acaeoey eioi?iaoeiiiuo oaoiieiaee e aieuoie i?eaueuiinoe i?iaeoia a io?aneu i?eaea?aii iii?anoai oe?i. A ?acoeuoaoa nicaaeanu neooaoey niaa?oaiiie eiieo?aioee. ?acoeuoaoii naaiaiyoiae iaino?aiiie eiieo?aioee aoaao niaa?oainoaiaaiea EO, iiyayony iiaua io?anee, ?uiie i?aaei?aiey noaiao i?ic?a?iaa.
Oaeiau iniiaiua ?a?ou ?acaeoey naaiaiyoiaai eiaono?eaeuiiai aeciana — yoiai iiiaieeeiai oaiiiaia iuiaoiaai noieaoey, eioi?ue o?a nae?an eiieo?e?oao n i?i iuoeaiiinou? e a aoaouai ii?ao auou iniiaiui aeaii yeiiiie?aneie aayoaeuiinoe.
Eniieucoaiay eeoa?aoo?a
?uii?iay yeiiiieea. A 3-o o.—O.2— "Iniiau aeciana" a 2-o ?anoyo.—I.: Niieioae, 1992.
Aaaaaiea a eioi?iaoeiiiue aecian: O?aaiia iiniaea/ I.A. Aieinia, N.A. Io?eiaiei, A.A. Oi?ioeeia e a?.; Iia ?aa. A.I. Oeoiie?iaa, A.A. Oi?ioeeiaa — I.: Oeiainu e noaoenoeea, 1996.
Eioi?iaoeiiiua nenoaiu a yeiiiieea: O?aaiee / Iia ?aa. i?io. A.A. Aeea. — I.: Oeiainu e noaoenoeea, 1996.
Ioaeeeaoee a ia?eiae?aneie eeoa?aoo?a
Aacaoa "Eiiia?naio-Aaeee"
?o?iae "Yenia?o"
?o?iae "Aaiee e oaoiieiaee"
Ioaeeeaoee a Internet
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